Internet Addiction and Depression Statistics Project

Internet Addiction and Depression - Statistics Project Example Chien, et al. (2005) argues that despite the great benefits brought about by the internet, it has led to adverse effects to some of its users. Internet addiction and depression has been cited as one of the major problem brought about by the internet (Oreilly, 1999). Internet addiction and depression is a major problem afflicting some of the internet users. According to Block (2008), internet addiction can be defined as the excessive use/ overuse of technological devices that can provide access to internet such as computers and phones in such a way that they interfere with one’s daily life. Internet addiction includes the following activities; excessive gaming on the internet, blogging, e- mailing, online social networking, internet shopping, and inappropriate pornography use (Young 2009). However, it is important to note that activities such as playing computer games or reading are only considered troubling/ addiction to an extent that these activities are interfering with a person’s normal life (Welsh, 1999). Related to internet addiction is internet related depression, which is defined as a mental/ psychological disorder that is characterized by loss of interest or pleasure, an all- encompassing low mood, and low self- esteem in an event that internet is withdrawn from an addicted person’s life (Bessiere, 2010). Bellamy and Hanewicz (2001) explain that internet depression can also take the form of an internet addict substituting friendships, which are meaningful, and socializing with internet’s virtual contacts, hence having adverse effects on his or her mental wellbeing. Morrison (2010) argues that their study proved that internet addiction and internet depression are strongly linked but the nature of that relationship is what is yet to be established. Armstrong (2001) says that it is not known, which comes first- whether internet cause depression or depressed people are drawn to

Road Accidents Essay Example for Free

Road Accidents Essay Road accidents are increasing every day and especially in Christmas, summer holidays or weekends. Lots of people lose their lives on the roads and it is very difficult to resolve this problem which affects almost to the whole world. Not only the people can die, they can be injury and don? t get to recover of their wounds in all their lives. There are several causes of road accidents and I ´m going to mention some of them that I think they are the main causes: don’t respect the speed limit, drive drunk, drive many hours without rest, don’t put attention at the road, don’t be patient, bad conditions of roads, bad weather (snow, flog, rain,†¦), and there are more but I think that these are the most important. Firstly if we want to solve this problem, we have to realize that to drive is not a play. We manage a machine very dangerous that it could kill anybody and there laws that we have to carry out. Everybody like to buy a big car that it can run a high speed but we have to realize that we must respect the speed limits because the fact that we have a good car don’t give us the right to drive at the speed that we would like to drive. Not only we have to drive well when we getting the drive license also after we have just got the license driving. The Government must improve the roads, the fines must be higher because I think that it is the unique way the people respect the laws and parents and teachers must to teach and encourage to their children how they will have to drive when they have a car. Nowadays there are a lot of improvements that they make driving safer than ten years ago. Cars are safer because they have many devices that they help us to drive and in case of accident they look after our lives. Ten years ago only the most expensive cars have airbags, nowadays all cars not only have one airbag rather they have four or more airbags. Car? s breaks are so good that you can stop your car almost in the same distance in a wet road than in a dry road. The cars are safer now than years ago but now there are much more cars and the possibility of accident is higher. Also it would be important to put more crash barriers on the roads to avoid much harms when the motorcyclist fall down on the roads. The roads have improved a lot but I think that it is not enough. It? s true that there are more highways but there are a lot of secondary roads that they need to improve because the majority of drivers in my country, use every day these kinds of roads. Finally I want to mention that it is in our hands to reduce the roads accidents and it is very sad to lose any relative or friend because somebody doesn’t respect the laws.

Transcendentalism and Emerson Essay Example for Free

Transcendentalism and Emerson Essay * 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant * Refers to idea that in determining the ultimate reality of God, the universe, the self, one must transcend or go beyond everyday human experience * Intuition The Transcendental Club * Informal meetings that began in 1836 Concord, Massachusetts. In the home of George Ripley * Discussed theology, philosophy, and literature * Called themselves the Symposium or Hedge * What The Hedge Club Did * Sponsored two major activities * 1 Quarterly called The Dial * Edited by Margaret Fuller. * Also edited by Emerson * Subscription list was very small at the start and diminished until no longer in publication * 2 Brook Farm * Established in 1841 as a utopian community * Failed because a fire destroyed the main building and the thinkers weren’t always willing farmers Romanticism and Transcendentalism * Romanticism * 1. Importance of intuition * 2. Anti-authoritarianism – including a healthy contempt for the past * 3. Love of nature * Interest in social reform * National Literature * Transcendentalism * Heart of the romantic movement. * 1. Believed that an individual relationship with God was personal and was to be established by the individual and not the church * 2. Egalitarian – believing in the dignity of the common person and the common labor * 3. An epistemology – a different way of knowing; receiving higher truths Ralph Waldo Emerson What kind of writer was he? * Not a philosopher (too broad) or essayist (too limited) * He was a POET! A poet whose works were not always in verse * He said he was born a poet of a low class but he was, without doubt, a poet. * â€Å"His singing, he says, is in prose† But he is a perceiver and dear lover of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ~ R. W. Emerson Bio * Born in Boston in 1803 to a cultured, but a poor family * Came from a long line of ministers * After his father died of TB, His Aunt took control of the family (she was a Calvinist) – Mary Moody Emerson * Entered Harvard at age 14 – graduated * After Harvard took a job as a teacher * Then went to work for his uncle to prepare to be a minister * Became a minister at Boston’s Second Church. * Married his sweetheart Ellen Tucker but she also died of TB * Was devastated and he was having problems with his beliefs so he withdrew from being a minister * Returned to Concord, Massachusetts and married Lydia Jackson Themes, Beliefs, Techniques * Themes: Individuals’ souls were part of a greater entity which he called the â€Å"Over-Soul† * Beliefs: He thought religious truth was an â€Å"intuition† – a very personal relationship with God. Most people lose their sense of wonder and delight, as they grow older. * Techniques: Striking imagery that appeals to senses, aphorisms (express wise observations about life).

Food Additives and Mouldy Food Study

Food Additives and Mouldy Food Study TASK 1 a) Based on information given define food additives and explain why food additives are used in manufacturing Food additives are natural or artificial substances that added in a food by manufactures to enhance its flavor or appearance or to preserve it during some phase of processing, storage or packaging. (Nlm.nih.gov, 2014) Foods are produce in large amount in manufacturing places so it needed to transport food shops and supper markets all over the places and stored before it’s consumed. Its take more time period of time so that’s why they used food additives in manufacturing. Due to microbial growth foods get poisoning and also dangers of contaminated food and without the use of preservatives, therefor they using different types of additives. (Understandingfoodadditives.org, 2008) To maintain product quality and freshness – Fresh foods dont keep for long time but Food additives delay and prevent spoilage caused by growth of microorganisms, bacteria and oxidation. For example Ascorbic acid -the principal active ingredient in citrus juice, when packaging fruit slices Propionates- which naturally occur in cheese, are used similarly in bakery goods to prevent the growth of molds. To support in the preparation of foods – added substances grant and/or keep up certain qualities connected with different food For example Lecithin used in ice cream Pectin using in the jellies and preserves when thickening is desired Leaveners used to make breads, biscuits and rolls rise, include yeast, baking powder and baking soda To make nourishments engaging – the larger part of nourishment added substances are regularly utilized for this Purpose. For example Flavoring agents and coloring agents utilized by processors of food because foods that look and taste good. (foodadditives.org, 2014) Describe the difference between additives that are ‘Generally Recognized as safe (GRAS) and other food additives GRAS means generally recognized as safe.it is authorized American food and drug administration. Its test by food safety experts, they made different tests for food additives to give healthy and harmless for humans. All GRAS food additives introduced after the safety tests. This consider about to improve or maintain safety and freshness, to improve or maintain nutritional value and Improve taste, texture and appearance (Curtis Stevens and Nabor, 2014) Sometimes some food additives are banned because many countries have many systems. Some developing countries like srilanka some local manufactures adding additives for selling purposes but they even don’t have much knowledge about the food additives and they use it without proper testing (Foodstandards.gov.au, 2014) Table1.1 : safety standards for food additives (The Diane Rehm Show, 2014) There are some additives banned by the srilankan health ministry that are, Aloin, Berbine, Beta-Azarone, Cade oil, Calamus oil, Cocaine,Coumarin, Diethylene glycol, , Estragole, Eugenyl methyl ether, Hypericine, Nitrobenzene, Pyroligenous acid, , Sasafras oil, Thujone,Isothujone and Tonka bean (Sundaytimes.lk, 2014) GRAS is used only in Europe and us countries because some other countries like mainly Australia have different their own food regulatory systems and legislation Example Ammonium malate- INS 349 This food additive don’t have authorized in US or Europe. But its authorizes in the Australia and New Zealand food standard codes Cyclamate, INS 952 Butylated hydroxyanisole (Foodstandards.gov.au, 2012) Discuss the potential health risks associated with synthetic food additives There are some food additives it may cost harmful health effects that are ACESULFAME-POTASSIUM Artificial sweetener: in soft drinks, baked foods, desserts, frozen desserts, cand Its artificial sweetener it’s 200 times sweeter than normal sugar Acesulfame-K is used in chewing gum, gelatin desserts and sugar. Earlier it was allowed by FDA to use in soft drinks and it’s used together with aspartame and sucralose. Acesulfame-K tested in rats; results shows that might cause cancer further more tests in rats, dogs and rabbits shown the effect of thyroid. As a result FDA withdraw its approval of it ALOE VERA Used in yogurt, desserts, flavoring It’s taken from succulent plant it’s added in supplements, energy drinks and various skin care products. Aloe Vera helps in skin burn and abrasions but if it is taken orally it cause cancer but it’s not truly known for sure which element leads the tumors. Annatto. Cheese, other foods like butter It’s a natural additive used for coloring. It’s get it from seeds of a tropical shrub it’s also causes some allergic to some people Green 3 It’s a artificial coloring in candies and other beverages during the test in rats its shows the cancer but FDA approved the color dye but it’s not used in these days ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS Acesulfame-potassium, saccharin, aspartame may posture slight risk of cancer Aspartame .is a chemical link of two amino acids and methanol. Causes cancer AZODICARBONAMIDE Used in bleaching agent: White flour, bread and rolls Its leads to cancer in humans but not in mice, however its band by FDA Brominated veg.oil Clouding agent in soft drinks Its keeps flavor oils in suspension, giving a shady appearance to soda drink. Pepsi and coke agreed to. Its leaves deposits in body fat and the fat in the brain, liver, any other organs. Scientist found that bromine toxicity in 2 people who used the soft drinks (Cspinet.org, 2014) TASK2 Explain the adverse health effects caused by mouldy or rancid food? Mold can grow in warm, dark areas or where the area has a lot of moisture. mouldy food is dangerous because such food contaminated with mycotoxins Figure 2.1Moldy food (Bristol.gov.uk, 2014) moulds that produce Toxigenic moulds need specifi growth conditions to provid its toxin. it can produce adverse health effects such as inflammation, allergy, and infection. Allergic reactions may be the most common. (Enhs.umn.edu, 2014) There are some molds found on many foods Alternaria, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Monilia, Manoscus, Mortierella, Mucor, Oidium, Oosproa, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Thamnidium Penicillium It can infect respiratory problems result of exposed specific type of fungal mold. This may have mold related respiratory problem include a persistent cough or wheeze. Salmonella, can be treated and cured, Stachybotrys chartarum, can cause irritation in mouth, nose and throat and leads to shock, hemorrhage, dermal necrosis and death. (Fsis.usda.gov, 2014) à ANTIOXIDENT The chemicals that block the activity of other chemicals or free radicals are called antioxidants. Free radicals are highly reactive and cause damage to cells that may lead to cancer. The antioxidants that are used to neutralize free radicals by the body are called endogenous antioxidants. (Pharm and . Booker, 2014) Antioxidants prevent a chemical process known as â€Å"oxidation,† which is a regular piece of living and maturing. Oxidation damages cells and can lead to the development of disease, including heart disease, and cancer. Antioxidants are found in nuts, beans, grain cereals, and other foods. Even dark chocolate is rich in antioxidants. Free radicals are very sensitive chemicals that can possibly damage cells. They are made when a particle either picks up or loses an electron. Free radicals are shaped characteristically in the body and assume a vital part in numerous ordinary cell forms. At high concentration, then again, free radicals can be dangerous to the body and harm all significant parts of cells, including DNA, proteins, and cell layers. The harm to cells created by free radicals, particularly the harm to DNA, may assume a part in the improvement of disease and other health conditions. In laboratory and animal test results shows expanded level of exogenous antioxidants has been indicated to prevent free radical Damage that connected with cancer development. Specialists have researched whether taking dietary antioxidant supplement can reduce the danger in cancer. (National Cancer Institute, 2014) Define E numbers. Describe the advantages of E numbers in food industry E numbers E numbers (the E stands for Europe) are code numbers that use to identify the food additives that are used in food industry.it is authorized by European food safety authority. This number given to an additives that has pass the approval tests. These types of numbers are used in some other countries like Australia and New Zealand but without the E. (Food Additives and Ingredients Association, 2012) E300 for vitamin c Helps to burs more body fat during workout; helps to give strength and increase circulation; protects the body from free radical damage by absorbing iron from foods helps reduce histamine release in the body; boosts the immune system Some benefits of E numbers E101 Vitamin B2 Helps to reduce the severity and essential for normal thyroid function and metabolism maintain healthy hair, helps protect cells from oxygen damage E100 Curcumin gives turmeric root its intense yellow color, is used as a natural food coloring. Has proven anti-inflammatory activity and may therefore be able to alleviate symptoms associated with psoriasis and eczema; has strong anti-cancer properties; can significantly reduce the number of colon polyps E160d Lycopene Food coloring. lycopene is separate from tomatoes Protect the skin from UV radiation, reduce asthma and it have anticancer property Lutein E161b Colouring agent extract from petals of marigold Keep eye from oxidative stress, helps to prevent wrinkles by increasing hydration These are the beneficial e numbers for humans As a result these E numbers are used in manufacturing food items. Its help to prevent from diseases (Healwithfood.org, 2014) References foodadditives.org, (2014). foodadditives.org. [online] Available at: http://www.foodadditives.org/pdf/Food_Additives_Booklet.pdf [Accessed 24 Nov. 2014]. Understandingfoodadditives.org, (2008). Food Additives. [Online] Available at: http://www.understandingfoodadditives.org/pages/Ch2p0.htm [Accessed 24 Nov. 2014]. Nlm.nih.gov, (2014). Food additives: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. [Online] Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002435.htm [Accessed 16 Nov. 2014]. Curtis Stevens, H. and Nabor, L. (2014). foodadditives.org. [online] foodadditives.org. Available at: http://www.foodadditives.org/cultures/FoodIngredientApproval_OnlineExtra.pdf [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Foodstandards.gov.au, (2014). Colours and food additives reported as banned. [Online] Available at: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/additives/pages/coloursandfoodadditi5752.aspx [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Sundaytimes.lk, (2014). More than 20 additives to food items to be banned from July 1 | The Sundaytimes Sri Lanka. [online] Available at: http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140216/news/more-than-20-additives-to-food-items-to-be-banned-from-july-1-86050.html [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Foodstandards.gov.au, (2012). Colours and food additives reported as banned. [online] Available at: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/additives/pages/coloursandfoodadditi5752.aspx [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Cspinet.org, (2014). Food Additives ~ CSPI’s Food Safety. [online] Available at: http://www.cspinet.org/reports/chemcuisine.htm [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Food Additives and Ingredients Association, (2012). E-Numbers. [Online] Available at: http://www.faia.org.uk/e-numbers/ [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014] Healwithfood.org, (2014). Can E Numbers Actually Be Good For You?. [online] Available at: http://www.healwithfood.org/articles/can-e-numbers-be-good.php [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. National Cancer Institute, (2014). Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention. [online] Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/prevention/antioxidants [Accessed 29 Nov. 2014]. Pharm, D. and . Booker, N. (2014). Antioxidants and Cancer Risk: The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown. [online] Cancer Prevention Treatment Fund. Available at: http://www.stopcancerfund.org/pz-diet-habits-behaviors/antioxidants-and-cancer-risk-the-good-the-bad-and-the-unknown/ [Accessed 29 Nov. 2014]. Fsis.usda.gov, (2014). Molds On Food: Are They Dangerous?. [online] Available at: http://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/safe-food-handling/molds-on-food-are-they-dangerous_/!ut/p/a1/jZFfT8IwFMU_iw977No5JODbssS4KVsIUUtfSOf6Z7G0S1tc5qe3wBMElNune-7vpL2nkEAMiabfnaC-M5qqfU-mG7RE02Seo7KeJ0-oqN6X9Uueo9nqIQDrP4AqvdF_pTL0n7-84YJ7u8gXApKeegk6zQ3EgnlAtRuYdRBzY1rgKGd-BJx-euAkYz4M9ho4TCXVreq0gHhrVOuA0UedWga8ZCNoqRbMmp3bwA9ITh-FknCKKl1NnssqRfXkHLiQ2hG4HkvYWyjTHL5onekmnYUFLePMMhvvbJCl9717jFCEhmGIhTFCsVh9ReiSQxrnIT4BYb99wz-vGV8VgDTjcPcLgaVdgQ!!/#5 [Accessed 29 Nov. 2014]. Enhs.umn.edu, (2014). Indoor Mold: Harmful Effects. [online] Available at: http://enhs.umn.edu/current/5103/molds/harmful.html [Accessed 29 Nov. 2014]. Bristol.gov.uk, (2014). Food safety complaints. [online] Available at: http://www.bristol.gov.uk/page/environment/food-safety-complaints [Accessed 29 Nov. 2014].

The Contributions of Isaac Newton Essay -- Sir Isaac Newton Essays

Sir Isaac Newton was a profound mathematician and physicist, one of the primary scientificintellects of all time. For almost 300 years, Newton has been known as the leader in scientific achievements of modern physical science as well as mathematical research. Dedicated to learning and experimenting, Newton also plunged into chemistry, early history of Western Civilization and theology, and a concentration of special studies in forms and dimensions, which also included Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. On Christmas day in 1642, Newton was born to a widowed farming mother. In 1664 while still a student, Newton studied optics and light. He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism, which led to discovering measurable mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of color (1). He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied colored rays, each ray identifiable by the angle that it is refracted on entering or leaving a given translucent medium. Newton also correlated this experiment with his study of the interface of colors on thin films, such as oil and soap bubbles. He used a simple technique of measuring the thickness of each film used (2). This experiment of optics and light were widely unaccepted by many scientists. Newton'sexperiments were thought to be unconventional because they went against the previous ideas of optics and light. The skepticism of Christian Huygnes and Edme Mariotte's failure to duplicated Newton's experiments set other scientists on the European Continent against Newton for a generation. Newton's showed early intellect in mathematics through his notes in school. Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics, but mainly discovered solutions to contemporary problems in analyti... ...dern science. Footnotes: 1. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. New York: Cambrige Press. 1992. pg 68. 2. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton Eighteenth-Century Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. pg 72. 3. White, Michael. Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Reading, Massachusettes: Addison-Wesley. 1997. pg 78. 4. White, 79. 5. White, 89. 6. White, 180. 7. Hall, 234. 8. Hall, 235. 9. Hall, 270. 10. Hall, 286. 11. White, 295. Bibliography: Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. New York: Cambrige Press. 1992. pg 68. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton Eighteenth-Century Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. pg 72. White, Michael. Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Reading, Massachusettes: Addison-Wesley. 1997. pg 78. The Contributions of Isaac Newton Essay -- Sir Isaac Newton Essays Sir Isaac Newton was a profound mathematician and physicist, one of the primary scientificintellects of all time. For almost 300 years, Newton has been known as the leader in scientific achievements of modern physical science as well as mathematical research. Dedicated to learning and experimenting, Newton also plunged into chemistry, early history of Western Civilization and theology, and a concentration of special studies in forms and dimensions, which also included Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. On Christmas day in 1642, Newton was born to a widowed farming mother. In 1664 while still a student, Newton studied optics and light. He investigated the refraction of light by a glass prism, which led to discovering measurable mathematical patterns in the phenomenon of color (1). He found white light to be a mixture of infinitely varied colored rays, each ray identifiable by the angle that it is refracted on entering or leaving a given translucent medium. Newton also correlated this experiment with his study of the interface of colors on thin films, such as oil and soap bubbles. He used a simple technique of measuring the thickness of each film used (2). This experiment of optics and light were widely unaccepted by many scientists. Newton'sexperiments were thought to be unconventional because they went against the previous ideas of optics and light. The skepticism of Christian Huygnes and Edme Mariotte's failure to duplicated Newton's experiments set other scientists on the European Continent against Newton for a generation. Newton's showed early intellect in mathematics through his notes in school. Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics, but mainly discovered solutions to contemporary problems in analyti... ...dern science. Footnotes: 1. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. New York: Cambrige Press. 1992. pg 68. 2. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton Eighteenth-Century Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. pg 72. 3. White, Michael. Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Reading, Massachusettes: Addison-Wesley. 1997. pg 78. 4. White, 79. 5. White, 89. 6. White, 180. 7. Hall, 234. 8. Hall, 235. 9. Hall, 270. 10. Hall, 286. 11. White, 295. Bibliography: Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought. New York: Cambrige Press. 1992. pg 68. Hall, A. Rupert. Isaac Newton Eighteenth-Century Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. pg 72. White, Michael. Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer. Reading, Massachusettes: Addison-Wesley. 1997. pg 78.

My Bedroom :: Descriptive Essay Examples, narrative, Observation

My Bedroom    Do you ever wonder why certain places mean so much to certain people? When I think of my bedroom, I realize why some people are touchy about who goes in their room or who has been touching things in their home, it is because those things are important to them and may have some meaning. Places like my bedroom are places where we can relax and be comfortable and I think that is why it is important to people, because we can be ourselves and feel comfortable, we can also just sit down and rest our bones and relax. Another important reason is we can go there when we want privacy, we can just shut our door, maybe even lock it, and tell everyone in our household not to bother us. Also our rooms hold most of our personal belongings and those things are important to us and we do not want anyone else to touch them or in some cases go near them.    Bedrooms are a place where we can be comfortable and we can sit back and relax. When we are tired or not feeling the best we can go to our room, shut our door, and lay down and relax. Maybe even turn on some music or read a book or magazine. My bed is where I like to retreat to when I want to relax. I have a double bed with four pillows and my favorite comforter. It is a Little Mermaid comforter, I know it is childish but it is soft and warm. And of course my Tickle Me Elmo sits on my bed and keeps me company. A lot of times I just lay down and close my eyes and daydream about places I'd like to see or think about things that make me happy. One thing we should not do is think about things we need to get done or anything that makes us feel stressed because then we'll never feel relaxed. I usually try to stay away from these sort of thoughts and it usually works out well.    The reason my bedroom is so important to me is because my room holds all of my personal belongings, which are very important to me. Also my room is a comfortable place to study or just to relax.    I can also have privacy whenever I want it by resorting to my room, this may be hard for some people if they share a room.

Ancient Egyptian Religion And The Monotheistic Religion Of Moses :: Religious History Essays

Ancient Egyptian Religion And The Monotheistic Religion Of Moses In the glorious Eighteenth Dynasty, when Egypt became for the first time a world power, a young Pharaoh ascended the throne about 1375 B.C., who first called himself Amenhotep (IV) like his father, but later on changed his name to Akhenaten (1370-1358 B.C.). This king undertook to force upon his subjects a new religion, one contrary to their ancient traditions and to all their familiar habits. It was a strict monotheism, the first attempt of its kind in the history of the world, as far as we know; and religious intolerance, which was foreign to antiquity before this and for long after, was inevitably born with the belief in one god. But Amenhotep’s reign lasted only for seventeen years; very soon after his death in 1358 B.C. the new religion was swept away and the memory of the heretic king proscribed. From the ruins of his new capital, which he had built and dedicated to his god, and from the inscription in the rock tombs belonging to it, we derive the little knowledge w e possess of him.1 This spark of monotheism can be traced back to Akhenaten’s father Amenhotep III. During his reign, ideas about the uniqueness of the sun god Re were developed in some de-tail. Some Egyptian priests conceived the possibility that all gods were part of a unique god from which all life originated and based on their experiential knowledge of nature (at least as they perceived it in Egypt) the sun was a good candidate for this universal god. 1 Freud, Sigmund. Moses and Monotheism. (New York: Vintage Books; 1934), p. 21. Political conditions at that time had begun to influence Egyptian religion as well. During the prosperous reigns of Thotmes III (1490-1436 B.C.) and Amenhotep II (1436-1412 B.C.), Egypt had expanded its frontiers in all directions and the nation was becoming increasingly difficult to govern. Egypt was the richest state in the world and Pharaoh represented the supreme power behind Egyptian prosperity. Annexed territories that belonged to Nubia and Syria were fully engaged in trade with the empire and the idea of a supreme and unique ruler was in perfect agreement with the idea of a supreme and unique god. In fact, the so-called revolution of Akhenaten is now thought to have been a political rather than a religious movement, a reaction to events outside Egypt.