Essay on Recidivism Prison and Correctional Education

ABSTRACT As a result of tough on crime policies and the subsequent war on drugs, the number of individuals involved with criminal justice system continues to rise at alarming rates. Since 1980, the incarceration rate has tripled. 1 in 20 Americans will spend time in prison during their lifespan. The numbers speaks for themselves. Currently there are an estimated 2 million people in U.S. federal and state prisons. Given the unprecedented rise of individuals now involved with the American criminal justice system and the soaring rates or recidivism, there is a great need for systemic changes to address the issues confronting the ex-offender populations in this country. RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC: WHY IS THERE SUCH A HIGH RATE OF†¦show more content†¦It has been noted that access to living wage employment is one of the key factors in reducing recidivism among ex-offenders. Therefore, it is critical to assist these individuals in finding employment as soon as possible upon their release from prison. RESEARCH QUESTION Why is there such a high rate of recidivism among African Americans? I based my research question on the following: 1. Educational programs offered in the correctional institutions. 2. Statistics from the Cook County Adult Probation Department LIMITATION OF STUDY There were no limitations to my research. DEFINITION OF TERMS Recidivism: A relapse into criminal behavior METHODOLOGY This paper will examine and review articles using a three-step process. First, a hand search of 64 joumals across the disciplines of justice, criminal justice, correctional education, psychology, educational psychology, school psychology, social work, special education, general education, and vocational education was completed for the years 1975 to 2004. Second, a computer search was conducted using ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center), PsychLit, general and special education, and criminal justice databases for the years 1975 to 2004. Descriptors used were correctional education, corrections, and juvenile delinquents. Third, bibliographies in identified articles were consulted to expand the research base. Articles included inShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Effectiveness Of Maryland s Correctional Education Program1486 Words   |  6 Pagesof Maryland’s Correctional Education program, by examining Maryland’s Criminal Justice Reinvestment program. The goal of the reinvestment program is to reinvest freed funds from closing select prisons back into the criminal justice system and use them to improve correctional education and rehabilitation programs. The end goal is to have an ex-offender that is able to provide for themselves without returning back to crime. Studies have shown that those who complete a correctional educational orRead MoreEvaluation of Correctional Education Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesMany correctional education programs focus on prisoner’s way of thinking and ability to make decisions. One of the many reasons criminals keep returning to prison is because they are often times released after many years of being incarcerated and have no assistance while returning to society. Correctional education programs are designed to eliminate such way of thinking so prison re-entry rate will drop. Programs such as Preparing Inmates for Re-Entry through Assistance, Training, and EmploymentRead MoreThe Most Articulate Hus tler By Malcolm X867 Words   |  4 PagesDuring his course of brief life, Malcolm X spent seven years in prison due to criminal commitment involved with the underground world of thieving, pimping, and drugs. Though he is â€Å"the most articulate hustler† – an eloquent speaker in the street, he feels frustrated at not being able to express his own thoughts and ideas he wants to convey in writing, especially in the letters to Elijah Muhammad – the Islam spiritual leader. For instance, when writing to his friends, he can’t use slangRead MoreCorrectional Facilities in the United States: An Increasing Concern669 Words   |  3 PagesIn attempting to discern likely trends in the burgeoning area of correctional facilities, it is necessary to gauge current trends and measures of policy that are designed to account for them. Some of the most salient factors that become clear when one looks at the contemporary state of correctional facilities within the United States are that there are increasingly high numbers of people in prison (approximately 700 inmates for every 100,000 people which puts the total number of inmates in AmericaRead MoreShould Prison Programs Help Benefit Inmates1662 Words   |  7 Pagesthe largest prison population in the world, with more than 2.2 million inmates in federal, local, and state prisons. Many ex-offenders struggle to â€Å"fit back in† to their communities and face many difficult obstacles in re-entering the job market. There are many programs that can h elp inmates with job skills, education, and cognitive skills; that way when they are released from the facility, they are able to face their communities a little more comfortably. My question is: can prison programs helpRead MoreThe Effectiveness of Prison Education Rehabilitation Essay example1627 Words   |  7 Pages Education is not a fix all by any means, but it is the best start to solving the large literacy rates of US prisons. Of course, it will require much hard work on the part of the prisoner getting out, and there may be a large percentage who do not desire to take advantage of such programs, but Americans should encourage and give these individuals tools to help them back into society. Pont sums it up best, â€Å"Our aim should be to propel offenders into, rather than away from, successful participationRead MoreThe Effect of Rehabilitation and the Rate of Recidivism1727 Words   |  7 Pages With the highest incarcerated rate in the world, does the United States prison systems offer quality rehabilitation or just punishment? According to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there was approximately 706 prisoners per 100,000 residents, or about 2.2 million prisoners in 2012 and within 3 years, almost 6 out of 10 released inmates will be rearrested and half will be back in prison. According to data from www.gpo.gov , the vast majority of prisoners are not rehabilitated. Two-thirdsRead MoreHow Does Lack Of Support System And Resulting Poverty Influence Prisoner Re Entry?916 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: (1.5-2) (Story on prisoner and his life after prison here) In 2014, the United States incarcerated 449,000 newly convicted offenders while releasing 636,300 inmates (Carson, 2015). Upon release, offenders were expected to be able to function back in society under parole supervision. This is not the case for many offenders. As they are released from prison, they lack the necessary skills, education, opportunities and support system to successfully reintegrate back into society (PetersiliaRead MorePrison Corrections1450 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to working in a correctional facility, Samuel Cowey states, â€Å"I firmly believe that you must have a good sense of humor to do this job. If you don’t it will lead to an early grave from stress† (Cowey, 2012). This statement is true from the highest position of authority to the lowest position. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) houses juveniles and adults that have been convicted to state prison and provides programs and services during their i ncarcerationRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is A State Level System Of Juvenile Correctional Facilities1597 Words   |  7 Pagesand these factors may have a negative impact on their adjustment to adulthood. In the state of Connecticut, the juvenile justice system is a state level system of juvenile courts, detention centers, private residential facilities and juvenile correctional facilities. In Connecticut, the Superior Court for Juvenile Matters has exclusive original jurisdiction over juveniles accused acts. Delinquents are children, prior to their eighteenth birthdays, who have violated or attempted to violate any federal

Maslows and Murrays theories - 1064 Words

The organismic theory in psychology is based on the idea that the individual is composed of elements making up a system, and that one element cannot be separated from its system in order to study it. Two of the organismic theorists have developed theories to understand humans’ psychological developments through their needs: Abraham Maslow, with his hierarchy of needs theory; and Henry Murray, and his psychogenic needs theory. They both focused on developing their theories to understand human personality and its development. However dissimilarities are found between the two theories, they both share the concept of having steps of developments that should lead to the human goal, or potential. The Hierarchy of needs theory, by Maslow, shows†¦show more content†¦(ch. 7. Allpsych.com) Power and affiliation and achievement were the most studied psychogenic needs. Studies also showed how cultural and gender differences affected the way people dealt with these needs. In Ameri ca people are more likely to be high in their achievement needs, however, in other, collectivistic cultures, the need for affiliation is higher. Also, men and women differ in the way they show these needs. Researches have also showed that other personality traits may influence the way people expressed their needs. For example, an introvert would fulfill his needs for affiliation by having small groups of friends, but an extrovert would do the same by having a large group of friends. One difference between Maslow and Murray is that the latter believed that all the needsShow MoreRelatedThe Between Public And Private Sector1030 Words   |  5 Pageshigh level of productivity from them. There are many theories that lead us to believe that an employee’s motivation level is directly related to the employee’s level of productivity and engagement. So then what motivates a workforce as a whole, each individual, and does employee motivation vary between public and private organ izations? Common Theories of Motivation Murray’s Theory of Needs American psychologist Henry Murray developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motivesRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychogenic Needs1256 Words   |  6 Pages Murray’s Theory of Psychogenic Needs can be interpreted as processes of satisfying motives and needs and is influenced by Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis . The first principle in Murray’s theory, is based on the personality being rooted in the brain while cerebral physiology is guiding and governs every aspect of the personality. Feelings, beliefs, attitudes, conscious and unconscious memories, everything on which personality depends exists inside the brain, as well as values andRead MoreEssay about Comparison and Contrast of Maslow and Murray1912 Words   |  8 PagesComparing and Contrasting Maslow and Murray’s Theories of Needs Organismic theorists Abraham Maslow and Henry Murray tried to define the psychological developmental growth of humans via their theories of Hierarchy of Needs and Psychogenic Needs, respectively. Although each personality theorist’s idea attempts to define human psychological development there are quite a few dissimilarities between the two concepts; however, as much dissimilarity that may exist between the hierarchy of needs andRead MoreHave Human Needs Changed?992 Words   |  4 Pagesfulfil their needs and can work towards achieving their desires. In this essay I aim to identify the needs of humans and how they have been met from the early days of humanity, right through to the present day. I will be placing a lot of emphasis on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as this is the most widely accepted model and it makes sense that humans will have progressed up this hierarchy over time, this is something I will be exploring in the essay. I will first discuss what needs are and various modelsRead MoreCase Study : Lola From A Motives Perspective Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesover into her academic life as well she is currently struggling with her grades in college she is on academic probation. She is struggling to identify herself and her place in life, she has no focus or desire to set a clear path. Murray’s Theory In Murray’s theory, he began with the identification of a need to Murray a need is the potential for an individual to respond in a certain way under certain circumstances. A need will guide an individual’s perception allowing to see what they want or needRead MoreMany Experts Argue That People Do Their Best Work When They Are Motivated by a Sense of Purpose Rather Then the Pursuit of Money2486 Words   |  10 Pagespurpose rather then the pursuit of money. Do you agree? Critically evaluate and explain your position. Student Name: †¦ Student No: †¦. Lecturer:†¦. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Theories 2.1 Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy 2.2 Herzberg’s two-factor Theory 2.3 David McClelland’s theory 3.0 Survey of job satisfaction 4.0 Money and Motivation 5.0 Conclusion Many experts argue that people do their best work when they are motivated by a sense of purpose rather then the pursuitRead MoreJungle Paper, Social Justice4076 Words   |  17 Pages116). As per Maslow’s Theory, basic needs must be met in order to move up in the hierarchy. The lowest level of basic needs included physiological needs such as food, clothing, sex, air, water, homeostasis. The next level would include safety needs, personal and financial security health and well being. As you move up the pyramid the needs increase to love and belonging, self –esteem and the highest level would include self-actualization, reaching one’s full potential. The theory is that you canRead MoreSentence Completion Test5817 Words   |  24 PagesPersonality Inventory–2 [MMPI–2]), not by category (e.g., inkblot and storytelling technique). Despite the recognized popularity of SCTs, what is not known is which ones practitioners are using, whether they score these instruments according to any theory or guideline, why the tests are so popular, or why they are lumped together as if they all provide the same psychological information. This informati on is important to academicians who are charged with preparing future psychologists to perform appropriatelyRead MorePsychology14463 Words   |  58 Pagessocial-psychological theories and research. Rather than providing a thorough literature review of all research using constructs proposed to represent the operation of basic human needs, we instead review much more selectively the current state of theories about basic human needs, with a little historical context. We have chosen six theories for comparison. All of these theories have been given extensive explication and review elsewhere, so we will focus particularly on how these theories are structured

Construction Law for Training and Qualification-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theConstruction Law for Training and Qualification. Answer: Often the two terms profession and occupation are used in an interchangeable manner. Even though these two terms are same, there are quite some differences in between the two. Occupation is the activity which is undertaken by the individuals in order to earn their livelihood. This can be an employment or business which is undertaken by the individual to make money. On the other hand, profession refers to the activity which requires specialized knowledge, skills, training and qualification. To design a building is profession, whilst constructing the building is considered as occupation (Difference Between, 2018). It often implies the individual holding a certificate of practice and being a member of some professional bodies. The people undertaking a profession for rendering personalised services are known as professionals and are guided by code of conduct provided by the respective bodies (Singh, 2015). Often the lines between profession and occupation are blurred and thin. There is a need for specialized knowledge and extensive training under profession; though, there are no such requirements under occupation. So, the individuals indulged in occupation are not required to have a specialized knowledge of their trade. There is no code of conduct under occupation but the same is present under profession. The training under the former is not necessary but is obligatory under the latter. Occupation is not regulated by statute but the profession is (Singh, 2015). The basis of pay in occupation is production whilst in profession is knowledge and skill. There is no degree of independence in occupation whilst the professionals are totally independent. Per se, there are no responsibilities in occupation and the status or respect level is low; whilst the professionals have responsibilities and have high respect and status (Olivia, 2012). The examples of people indulged in occupation include d rivers, accountants, clerks, government servant and shopkeepers. The examples of people indulged in profession include doctors, chartered accountant, engineers and lawyers (Singh, 2015). There are different players who get involved in the construction projects. These include architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, construction project managers and contractors, also known as builder. Some of these are indulged in profession, whilst the others are indulged in occupation (Birchall Ramus, 2007). When it comes to architects, they are deemed as professionals. This is because the work of architects is to plan, design and review the construction of buildings. They require specialized knowledge for undertaking their work. When it comes to engineers, they are also deemed as professionals, as they are the people who invent, analyse, building and testing machines, materials, structures and systems, and also in designing them to fulfil the requirements, based on needs of the client, keeping in mind the costs, safety, practicality and regulations (Sido, 2006). The quantity surveyors are the individuals in construction industry and are deemed as professionals with expert knowledge on construction contracts and costs. They are highly qualified members of profession and they play an indispensable role in the construction, building and in the allied industries like mining (Go Study, 2018). They have to follow the code of professional bodies and also keep in mind the applicable laws. Construction project managers are also professionals as in order to manage the construction projects, there is a need for skill and knowledge base (Study, 2018). The last category, which is of contractors or builders, is one which is categorized under occupation. This is because the builders are just required to work on the instructions provided by the professionals and have to take up the building work of the construction site. The Code of Conduct given by NZIQS i.e. New Zealand Institute of Quantity Surveyors presents the behaviour, principles and values which are expected of members of NZIQS. The key goal of this code is to make certain that the members of NZIQS observe high standards of corporate and individual behaviour (Mbachu, 2015). This code also brings forth the minimum standard of conduct which is to be followed by the members. When there is a contravention of this code, the members of NZIQS can be disciplined based on the complaints and disciplinary procedure given by NZIQS. This code does not cover every type of the unprofessional conduct in a specific manner; and for the portions which have not been covered, the code can be used to discipline the members, based on the specific situations (NZIQS, 2017). The code of conduct of the NZIQS gives effective rules and provisions, which are meant to ensure that the quantity surveyors in NZ follow proper standards in undertaking their work. The general standards of conduct are given through this code, which have to be followed by the members of the institute. The Constitution and Rules of the code dictate the manner in which the members not following the code would be disciplined (NZIQS, 2013a). This code is applicable on all members in a collective and individual manner. Where the partner of member, or their employees, fellow directors or ones acting on their behalf breach this code, with the prior knowledge or involvement of member, the member would be deemed to have contravened this code. This code requires the professionals to be honest and fair, to give advice to professional standards, of not injuring the professional reputation of any person, not lying about qualifications, avoiding conflict of interest, refraining from making false s tatements, being accurate, maintaining confidentiality and advertising dignity of profession (NZIQS, 2018). The NZIQS Conditions of Engagement are the conditions of engagement which are recommended for procuring and for providing the professional consultation services. The reasons for developing these are for applying these to the scope of services which the members of NZIQS provide when they act in consulting role. The members of NZIQS are qualified to act in consulting roles and these conditions of engagement are to be used by the members to attain better practices in making certain that their commissions are legally and properly confirmed in writing. This particular document can be used as a standalone document which covers the agreement undertaken between quality surveyor and client for providing the professional consulting services; as being a point of reference for incorporating in established practice and in specialised practice in terms of short form agreement; and also as a document which amplifies the requirements in order to match the specific commission by making use of the spe cial conditions (NZIQS, 2013b). The rules of engagement provide details on the provisions regarding liability and insurance. In such cases where the quantity surveyor contravenes the drawn agreement between them and the client, the quantity surveyor is liable for the reasonably foreseeable losses, expenses, liabilities, damages and claims to the client, which had been caused due to a direct result of the contravention. There is no liability of the quantity surveyor to the client where the loss is consequential or special loss, caused indirectly, which is raised under the tort, contract or in other manner. The quantity surveyors have the maximum liability regarding damages, claims, losses, expenses, and liabilities which had to be five times the value of fees where the maximum limit is of $NZ 250,000 (NZIQS, 2013b). The code also requires a duty of care to be deployed when the services are provided by the quantity surveyors, where they have to make use of the reasonable care, skill and diligence which is normally expected from any competent professional. They have to abide by the standards while carrying on their work, which is expected from the quantity surveyors. They have to carry out the work with high standards which are expected from the quantity surveyor professionals. Further, the quantity surveyors are required to follow the orders, policies and standards published by NZIQS. Furthermore, the quantity surveyors are required to give advice which is in full accordance with the normal professional standards. When it comes to the matters of accuracy due to the reputation of profession being dependent on good faith and accuracy, there is a requirement for the quantity surveyors to follow the highest standards of professional competency. Thus, through the NZIQS code of engagement, the quantity surveyors are expected to take care and follow the best standards to undertake their professional obligations. Where this is not done, the quantity surveyors would have to bear the professional liabilities, for which they may have to bear a liability of five times the fee or up to the maximum limit (NZIQS, 2013b). Continued Professional Development or CPD refers to the process through which the skills, knowledge and experiences are tracked and documents which a person gains in both formal and informal manner as the person works, which is beyond their initial training. CPD basically records the experiences and learning and then assists in their application (Allen, 2009). It is a planned, lifelong and constant process which helps the professionals in developing their qualities and also in improving their skill set resulting in their empowerment, improving agency and developing the organizations (Padwad Dixit, 2011). It is significant as CPD helps in making certain that the individual is competent in the profession, and it is a process which has to be undertaken across the career of the professionals (Kloosterman, 2013). The key goal of a properly planned CAD is to safeguard the public, employer, professionals and the career of such professionals. CPD ensures that the individual has the capabilities which are up-to-date based on present standards. It makes certain that the skills and knowledge are maintained and enhanced helping in delivering the professional services to the clients. It also allows for meaning contributions to be made at the workplace and in staying interested. CPD also allows for deeper understanding on being a professional and brings a greater appreciation of the impact of work done. And depending upon the particular profession, it also allows for improved protection, environment, economy, property, sustainability and quality of life (Kloosterman, 2013). There are a number of professional bodies which have made CPD mandatory. One of such institutes is The Canadian Institute of Chartered Business Valuators. They have mandated CPD through the bylaws covered under section 4.1 and 4.2 (CICBV, 2016). The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia have also mandated CPD and expect the midwives and nurses to take the accountability and responsibility in their participations in order to declare their practices as competent, current and safe (James Francis, 2011). The Pharmacy Guide of Australia has also mandated CPD due to its different advantages (Fisher, 2015). Again, for the nurses of Australia, CPD has been made mandatory (Ross, Barr Stevens, 2013). Even in the quantity surveying profession in South Africa, CPD is mandatory; and this is also done in Australia by AIQS (Cruywagen, 2007; AIQS, 2012). Where the CPD is mandated for the NZIQS, it would make certain that the quality and skill set of the quantity surveyors is enhanced. However, in this context, it can be claimed that the code of conduct given by the NZIQS and the Conditions of Engagement given by the NZIQS are enough measure to keep the knowledge and skill base of quantity surveyors. It can also be claimed that indulging in separate mandatory CPD is a waste of time and other resources. The training and development aspect under CPD is particularly costly, and there is a lack of direct link between performance improvements and CPD. Though, the chances of such claims being successful are highly unlikely. Even though CPD has not been mandated by NZIQS as of now and there is a debate since last number of years in this context, there is a need for adopting the CPD as a mandatory exercise, as it would allow for the quantity surveyors to keep themselves updated regarding their profession. This would in turn help them in provi ding their services with excellence, as through these trainings, they would stay updated on the varied problems which can be raised in their profession. All in all, to further improve the level of services and to work in interests of the different stakeholders, it is beneficial to mandate continuing professional development for all the members of NZIQS. References AIQS. (2012). Continuing Professional Development Guide-Lines and Rules. Retrieved from: https://www.aiqs.com.au/documents/CPD%20Guidelines%20Nov%202012.pdf Allen, M. (2009). What is Continuing Professional Development (CPD)? Retrieved from: https://www.jobs.ac.uk/careers-advice/managing-your-career/1318/what-is-continuing-professional-development-cpd Birchall, S., Ramus, J. W. (2007).Contract practice for surveyors. Oxon: Routledge. CICBV. (2016). Mandatory Continuing Professional Development. Retrieved from: https://cicbv.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Policy_Mandatory_Continuing_Edcuation.pdf Cruywagen, H. (2007). Continuing professional development for the quantity surveying profession in South Africa: commentary.Acta Structilia: Journal for the Physical and Development Sciences,14(2), 91-103. Difference Between. (2018). Difference between Occupation and Profession. Retrieved from: https://www.differencebetween.net/business/difference-between-occupation-and-profession/ Fisher, J. (2015). Mandatory Continuing Professional Development since 2010 in a credits/points system. Retrieved from: https://whoeducationguidelines.org/content/mandatory-continuing-professional-development-2010-creditspoints-system Go Study. (2018). Quantity Surveyor. Retrieved from: https://www.gostudy.net/occupation/quantity-surveyor James, A., Francis, K. (2011). Mandatory continuing professional education: What is the prognosis?.Collegian,18(3), 131-136. Kloosterman, V. (2013). The importance of continuing professional development. Retrieved from: https://continuingprofessionaldevelopment.org/why-is-cpd-important/ Mbachu, J. (2015). Quantity surveyors role in the delivery of construction projects: A review. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jasper_Mbachu/publication/306235887_Quantity_surveyor%27s_role_in_the_delivery_of_construction_projects_A_review/links/57b410fb08aeac3177851812/Quantity-surveyors-role-in-the-delivery-of-construction-projects-A-review.pdf NZIQS. (2013a). Introductory member interview - Guidelines for members recommended for Affiliate or Graduate category and for interviewers. Retrieved from: https://www.nziqs.co.nz/Portals/9/Forms/Guidelines/Introductory%20Interview%20Guidelines%20Oct%2013.pdf?timestamp=1420488825166 NZIQS. (2013b). Conditions of Engagement. Retrieved from: https://www.nziqs.co.nz/Portals/9/Documents/NZIQS%20Condition%20of%20Engagement_May-2013.pdf NZIQS. (2017). Code of Conduct. Retrieved from: https://www.nziqs.co.nz/Portals/9/Documents/Ethics/NZIQS%20-%20Code%20of%20Conduct_3%20July%202017.pdf?ver=2017-07-04-090708-140 NZIQS. (2018). The Code of Conduct of the New Zealand Institute of Quantity Surveyors (NZIQS). Retrieved from: https://www.nziqs.co.nz/About/Code-of-Conduct Olivia. (2012). Difference between Profession and Occupation. Retrieved from: https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-profession-and-vs-occupation/ Padwad, A., Dixit, K. (2011). Frameworks of continuing professional development. Retrieved from: https://www.britishcouncil.in/teach/continuing-professional-development Ross, K., Barr, J., Stevens, J. (2013). Mandatory continuing professional development requirements: what does this mean for Australian nurses.BMC nursing,12(1), 9. Sido, K. R. (2006).Architect and engineer liability: Claims against design professionals. New York: Aspen Publishers. Singh, S. (2015). Difference between Occupation and Profession. Retrieved from: https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-occupation-and-profession.html Study. (2018). Construction Project Manager: Job Description, Duties and Requirements. Retrieved from: https://study.com/articles/Construction_Project_Manager_Job_Description_Duties_and_Requirements.html

Working in a Group

Introduction Group work has become very common not only in learning environment but also among workers in organizations. The common believe is that working in a group is more productive than working alone. Institutions emphasize on group and team work and invest heavily in team building among their members. Formation process of a group may determine its success. Tuckman Jensen (1977) suggests that a successful group should be formed stepwise following stages like forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Working in a Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages of working in a group Firstly, working in a group fosters an environment for learning since the individuals can learn from the experiences and expertise of each other. They learn different ways of approaching issues from his colleagues (Duch, 2000). Managers working in groups get more insight in solving pr oblems as they interact with each other. Another advantage is synergy creation i.e. group decisions tend to create synergy that combines and improves on the knowledge of the group to make decisions of high quality than the sum of individual decisions. This synergy results when each individual brings additional knowledge and skills to the decisions. It also ensures that tasks are completed within the fastest time because duties are shared depending on the capability of a person in accomplishing a certain task (Traker, n. d.) As people possess different skills and capabilities, group work enhances the sharing of ideas and this has the effect of ensuring that best results are attained. Decisions made are also well thought out. Creativity is enhanced as a result of working in groups because the diversity in culture, behaviours and attitude enables the members to become more innovative in dealing with difficult tasks. Group work leads to the acceptance of decisions made as opposed to ind ividual decisions because group decision making reflects acceptance. Group work also reduces the chances of intrapersonal conflicts i.e. conflicts that arise within an individual mainly about what is right and what is wrong (Belbin, 1981). Deciding the right things to do in certain situations as an individual can be quite stressful. Group work ensures that members participate well unlike in working as individuals whereby employees can decide to sabotage work. An individual may decide not to work as effectively as would be considered reasonable and attempt not to get even the targets as opposed to a group situation (Traker, n. d.).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Also, the members of a group ensure that the resources are shared well and that there is no misuse of organizational resources for personal use. Disadvantages of working in a group Working in a group implies longer t ime frame than working as individuals because groups generally need more time to make decisions than individuals because a group has to exchange information among many individuals so as to obtain a consensus. The decisions that are made while working in a group tends to be more extreme i.e. they are a bit riskier because no single person would be willing to shoulder the consequences of the decisions. Also individual expertise is ignored while working in group and the group members may opt for group consensus instead. Conclusion Working in a group enhances decision making in an organization as opposed to working as an individual in which case there is information deficiency. The resources of the organization are shared and this minimizes the costs. Reference List Belbin, M., 1981. Management Teams, Why they Succeed or Fail. Heinneman: London. Duch, B., 2000. Working in Groups. USA: University of Delaware. Available at:Â  http://www.physics.udel.edu/~watson/scen103/colloq2000/working ingroups.html Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Working in a Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Traker, H.B., n. d. Social Group Work: Principles and Practice. New York: Association Press N.Y. Tuckman, B. W. Jensen, M. A., 1977. Stages of small-group development revisited. Group Org. Studies, vol 2. pp. 419-27. This essay on Working in a Group was written and submitted by user Jermaine Marks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biology Essay Writing Guide All You Need to Know

Biology Essay Writing Guide All You Need to Know Scientific writing is an essential element of the whole educational process. Nonetheless, it is often neglected in the undergraduate courses in favor of consideration of scientific theories. Besides, the ability to present research findings effectively is essential for success in biological sciences. Not to mention, graduate students are encouraged to publish scientific essays quite often to become professional scientists. Thus, it is of vital importance for students to have a solid basis in scientific writing in order to develop their academic careers. It can be challenging for the students studying biology to develop sufficient writing skills as most of them are focused solely on the scientific process. Thus, the first advice to you is not to neglect the scientific writing process. It is frequently a difficult task as it needs a unique format and differs in structure from how you may be initially trained to write. Scientific writing differs from how you can currently write in English 101, Art, or Social Science courses. Aforementioned can make the scientific writing process hard; mainly when you are presented with new and sophisticated content. Nevertheless, the effective essay can deepen the perception of the topic enforcing you to submit a coherent and logical article that is backed by credible investigations. A professional scientific essay should follow a proper format and consist of such sections as an introduction of a topic; the hypothesis to be tested in the composition; description of methods to be used; key results of the investigation; a discussion that links the results of the analysis to the broader understanding of the topic. The format mentioned above is a general format that is required in most scientific writing. Not to say, the correct arrangement of an essay facilitates the smooth delivery of information from the author to the reader. Picking a Suitable Topic for a Biology Essay When you are composing an essay in the field of biology, you should make sure that the issue to be discussed is up to date. What is more, you may choose a popular topic and make your essay highly relevant. Nonetheless, it can be a challenging task as there are a lot of different issues worth attention. At the same time, it is often difficult to limit a broad field of investigation to one particular theme. Thus, to make it easier, you can regard the samples of the topics mentioned below: Rewriting of Human DNA; Viruses as the Most Dangerous Weapon; Can Vaccination Stop the Epidemics? Effects of Birth Control; Flu Viruses. Choosing a topic for your investigation, make sure that some background information about the issue is known to you. You can subscribe to the biology-related digest to get some fresh ideas. By monitoring, reading, and searching for the relevant data, you will keep your hand on the relevant biological investigations. At the same time, the title of your essay should include well-chosen words reflecting the subject of the composition. The title should indicate the scope of the essay carefully. Thus, do not title your essay Evolutionary Developmental Biology if you are discussing the topic of wildlife conservation and biology. Create a Solid Outline Starting the writing process, you may face a lot of difficulties. As you will be required to analyze scientific articles and incorporate their arguments into your paper, it can be challenging to evaluate the board variety of the materials correctly. Thus, you should compose the outline before starting to write the entire body of your essay. As a matter of fact, successful essays begin by examining how your theme fits into the existing scientific discussion, crafting a compelling topic, and deciding how to best aim your message at the intended readers. The Prewriting Stage of the Writing Process To compose a successful essay in the field of biology, you ought to identify the audience clearly. You should decide what you want your readers to comprehend from the essay. Decide what story you want them to read. While this may seem self-evident, some students fail to submit a suitable article because they probably fail to report the scientific findings correctly. Thus, you should keep in mind that the aim of science writing is not to reveal what you did or what you discovered, but rather what you want your readers to explore. Accordingly, you can determine your audience by asking yourself such questions as: Who are my target readers? What is the purpose of my audience reading the essay? What information do I want it to take away from my essay? If you want to publish a scientific paper in an academic journal or specific website, you should consider the journal mission statements or the submission guidelines. It will help you to determine how an essay should be structured to be published. The Ultimate Structure of Biology Essay In general, scientific essays have two types of audience: first, the readers of scientific journals; and second, the editors or professors, who have profound knowledge in the field of investigation. Consequently, you should be able to convince the audience that the research presented in your paper is relevant, accurate, and credible. For that purpose, you should clearly emphasize both the aim of the work and the result of it. Thus, present enough data to prove the validity of your investigation. The abstract is the part of the essay that the investigators often examine when deciding whether they are interested in studying the rest of the paper. Therefore, the data presented in the abstract should reflect all the critical issues of the essay to make the readers interested and help them to decide whether the paper reveals the relevant facts of their field of interest. The abstract should summarize the research and include one or two sentences for each of the sections presented in the body of the essay. To do that, you can introduce the rationale, primary objectives, and the purpose of the study. Further, indicate the methods that were used in the investigation. In the final section, the abstract should contain the summary of the results and the main conclusions. Provide Your Essay with a Hooking Introduction As the next step, you should compose the introduction section. The introduction is of vital importance for a successful essay as it sets the tone of the paper. Thus, at the beginning of the composition, you can provide the relevant background data and mention the problem you aim to address. Think about the introduction of your essay as the beginning of a funnel. There you can explicitly specify the broader implications of your composition in the field of study. Do not forget to present enough background data so that the reader could understand the topic. Perform a thorough consideration of the relevant literature, but do not write everything you find. Background information should only involve materials that are directly connected to your essay. In other words, the composition should not contain the whole scope of information about the field of interest. After choosing the ideas to be used, do not forget to incorporate the in†text citations in the proper paper format. Create the Informative Paragraphs of the Main Body The body paragraphs should incorporate such sections as methods, results, and discussion. First of all, you should clarify the aim of the work and determine the structure of the paper for the readers. You should make sufficient consideration of the scientific investigations in the field of interest. Then, it is required to present and review the research outcomes. Results can be combined into one section. Nevertheless, the readers can require the presentation of the results accompanying interpretation so that the readers need to be informed what the results mean. Then, you can mention the conclusion of the essay. The conclusion section displays the consequence of the work by explaining the findings of the investigation. At the end of a composition, in the discussion section, you can relate these judgments to the motivation stated in the introduction. Tips That Will Make Your Writing Better: What Our Writers Suggest Before you start writing, you should comprehend the differences between plagiarism, quoting, and paraphrasing. Note that paraphrasing is a critical and punishable offense that will result in a zero mark or worse it quite possibly can provoke expulsion from your educational institution. In general, plagiarism can be defined as the act of introducing the thoughts or statements of another person as your own. Thus, while it may be claimed that some opinions are original, you should define all the sources that are applied in your essay. With this in mind, to act as an honest and academically responsible student, you should mainly write an essay entirely in your own words. Paraphrasing does not mean using ones sentence and replacing a few words. All the statements in the essay should be the result of you reading relevant articles and repeating each in your own words while referring to the original text. Therefore, you must indicate all the sources of information that were used in the essa y to eliminate plagiarism. Hence, you should appropriately cite the quotations and restated thoughts. All the students should keep in mind that nothing in science can be considered as â€Å"proven.† Thus, in the biology essay, you can write that some data is correlated with the hypothesis. If you consider that one statement is accurate, you can indicate that the weight of evidence for the particular theory is solid. For instance, you can state that the weight of evidence for the hypothesis concerning evolution by natural selection is overwhelming. Not to mention, in the field of biology, the word â€Å"theory† is rarely used, so you should apply such terms as hypothesis and prediction. Some hypotheses may be suggested to explain a pattern; they are usually not mutually exclusive, so you cannot state that one hypothesis is entirely right or wrong. As an illustration, a particular breeding site may be selected as it is free of predators; however, it does not indicate that the site was not chosen due to the availability of food nearby. Kindly note that the most successful science writers: are familiar with the background of the discipline; have a clear topic that they want to cover; expertly draft the message they want to present to their audience. Note that even though you have finally completed data collecting and drafting the essay, you are not done yet. Revising the paper and consolidating constructive feedback will be entirely useful in order to avoid rejection and get a positive mark. To do that, you should begin your paper early enough to be able to take your time to edit the essay. Then, edit the draft to examine if the paper is free of mistakes. To check the coherence of the essay, verify if there is a common thread that ties each paragraph to the introducing one, and furthermore, that each sentence within a paragraph confirms the previous conviction. Ultimately, re†read the paper with a more exceptional lens. Editing sentence structure and word choice should be the finishing touches on your essay. The absence of grammatical and spelling mistakes is just as critical as a scientific background of an essay. Kindly note that if your essay is poorly written, it will have a limited impact on the readers, regardless of the concepts shown. After revising your biology essay, ask someone else to evaluate it. You can ask a classmate. It can be an ideal option as your classmate will possibly know the requirements of the assignment. If a classmate cannot proceed with it, try asking a friend or even a family member. Having a fresh set of eyes will help you recognize sections of the essay that need editing. This method will also help you to understand the peer review process, which is an essential element of professional science writing. It is of vital importance to not be discouraged by some negative comments. You should remember that combining the feedback of reviewers will only strengthen your biological essay, so you need constructive criticism to progress. References How to Write Guide: Sections of the Paper. (2018). Retrieved from http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWsections.html Scientific Papers | Learn Science at Scitable. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/scientific-papers-13815490 Turbek, S., Chock, T., Donahue, K., Havrilla, C., Oliverio, A., Polutchko, S. et al. (2016). Scientific Writing Made Easy: A Step-by-Step Guide to Undergraduate Writing in the Biological Sciences. The Bulletin Of The Ecological Society Of America, 97(4), 417-426. doi: 10.1002/bes2.1258 Writing a Scientific Research Article. (2018). Retrieved from columbia.edu/cu/biology/ug/research/paper.html Writing Scientific Papers. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.colby.edu/biology/BI17x/writing_papers.html

How to Use phpMyAdmin for Your Database

How to Use phpMyAdmin for Your Database Abhilash writes I am using phpMyAdmin†¦ so how can I interact with the database? Hi Abhilash! phpMyAdmin is a great way to interact with your database. It allows you the flexibility of using the interface, or simply using SQL commands directly. Lets take a closer look at how to use it! First navigate to your phpMyAdmin login page. Enter your username and password to access your database. Now that you have logged in, you will see a screen that has all of your databases basic information. From here there are several things you can do. Lets say you want to run a bit of SQL script. On the left hand side of the screen, there are some small buttons. The first button is a home button, then an exit button, and the third is a button that reads SQL. Click on this button. This should prompt a popup window. Now, if you wish to run your code you have two options. Option one is to type or paste in the SQL code directly. The second option is to choose the Import Files tab. From here you can import files full of SQL code. Often when you download software they will include files like this to help you install it. Another thing you can do in phpMyAdmin is browse your database. Click on the database name in the left hand column. It should expand to show you a list of tables within your database. You can then click on any of the tables it contains. There are several tabs of options on the top of the right page now. The first option is Browse. If you select browse, you can view all of the entries in that table of the database. You can edit, or delete entries from this area of phpMyAdmin. It is best not to change data here if you arent exactly sure what its doing. Only edit what you understand because once deleted it is irreversible. The next tab is the Structure tab. From this table you can view all of the fields within the database table. You can remove or edit the fields from this area too. You can also change the data types here. The third table is the SQL tab. This is similar to the pop up SQL window that we discussed earlier in this article. The difference is that when you access it from this tab, it already has some SQL pre-filled in the box pertaining to the table from which you accessed it. The forth tab is the Search tab. As its name implies this is used to search your database, or more particularly the table form which you accessed the tab. If you access the search feature from the main phpMyAdmin screen you can search all of the tables and entries for your entire database. This is a very useful feature, that could be completed using only SQL but for many programmers as well as non-programmers its nice to have the simple to use interface. The next tab is Insert which allows you to add information to your database. It is followed by the Import and Export buttons. As they imply they are used to import or export data from your database. The Export option is particularly useful, as it allows you to make a backup of your database from which you can restore if you ever have an issue. It is a good idea to backup data often! Empty and Drop are both potentially dangerous tabs, so please use them with caution. Many a novice has clicked through these tabs only to have their database disappear into the great unknown. Never delete unless you are absolutely sure it wont break things! Hopefully that gives you some basic ideas of how you can use phpMyAdmin to work with the database on your website.

Implications of Money Transfer Companies on the Global Economy Essay

Implications of Money Transfer Companies on the Global Economy - Essay Example It is in line to this argument that there has been needing to increase the access to international markets, all with the aim of ensuring that the business environments have been strengthened; thus, an increase in the access to international markets through an improvement in the access to funds. This has, in turn, opened up trade and investment in various areas of the globe (Geiersbach, 2010). This has been boosted by the developing international money transfer services that play a huge role in the present day business market. It is through these services that a lot of individuals have managed to send money faster and with a lot of ease despite their distance. With this in mind, it is evident that the money transfer business has contributed greatly to the global economy. This essay will attempt to assess the implications of the money transfer business on the economy of the globe in general. The essay shall focus on aspects such as Globalization, post-colonial theory, European Union, p rotectionism, corporate social responsibility and cross-cultural management in an attempt to understand the underlying issues on the same theme. 2.0. Money transfer companies and the global economy 2.1. ... Economic growth, on the other hand, can only be attested with an increase in the income of individuals, which alternatively helps in a reduction of the poverty levels in a country. In the developing countries, there is clear evidence that these countries can barely support their economies; thus, stagnant economic growth (Department for International Development  &  HM Treasury, 2013). Good examples of the challenges in these countries include the absence of institutions that support economic growth, poor infrastructure, lack of access to financial services amongst others (Department for International Development  &  HM Treasury, 2013). In such a scenario, individuals are less likely to borrow funds as well as invest. The Department for International Development  &  HM Treasury (2013) therefore recommends that the governments in these developing countries strengthen their business ties by enabling their members to join the international markets; thus, access to financial s ervices by its members. Opening up its trade links would alternatively ensure that such countries have access to international money transfer programs that sustain their trade links with other economic opportunities. International money transfers are more convenient and allow people to send money throughout the world in a faster way. These services enjoy an enrolment of numerous agents around the globe that require their services, including the third world countries that are able to access the funds they need to survive in the tough economic times.